RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar a substituição da suplementação da ractopamina pelo uso dos óleos de coco ou cártamo nas dietas de suínos em terminação. Foram utilizados 24 suínos machos castrados mestiços com peso médio de 78,00±8,76 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento de blocos casualizados, contendo quatro tratamentos e seis repetições compostos por: Ração Basal (RB); RB + 10 ppm de ractopamina; RB + 4 cápsulas de 1 grama cada de óleo de cártamo e RB + 4 cápsulas de 1 grama cada de óleo de coco. Na avaliação do desempenho foi observado o efeito (P<0,05) da suplementação das dietas com óleo de cártamo, ractopamina e coco no ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. As variáveis relacionadas com as carcaças também foram afetadas pelos tratamentos (P<0,05), sendo a espessura de toucinho 3 (ET3) reduzida pelo uso do óleo de cártamo, ractopamina e coco. Na avaliação da área de olho de lombo foram observados efeitos positivos (P<0,05), com maiores valores para os tratamentos suplementados com ractopamina, óleo de coco e com óleo de cártamo, quando comparados com a dieta controle. As dietas também afetaram o perfil dos ácidos graxos (P<0,05) de forma positiva, com a redução do ácido míristico do toucinho nas dietas com ractopamina e óleo de cártamo e aumento na deposição dos ácidos graxos palmitoleico e oleico do lombo nas dietas suplementadas com óleo de coco e cártamo, respectivamente. Conclui-se que tanto o óleo de coco quanto o de cártamo podem ser utilizados como substitutos da ractopamina.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to explore the substitution of ractopamine by coconut or safflower oil in finishing pig diets. The study included 24 crossbred barrows weighing 78.00 ± 8.76 kg distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments and six replicates composed of: basal ration (BR), BR + 10 ppm ractopamine, BR + four 1 g capsules of safflower oil, and BR + four 1 g capsules of coconut oil. Performance evaluation showed that safflower oil, ractopamine, and coconut oil supplementation had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on weight gain and feed conversion. Carcass-related variables were also affected by the treatments (P < 0.05), with fat thickness 3 (FT3) reduced by the use of safflower oil, ractopamine, and coconut oil. Rib eye area was positively affected (P < 0.05) by diet, with ractopamine, coconut oil, and safflower oil supplementation treatments showing higher values than control diet treatment. The diets also affected fatty acid profiles (P < 0.05), with decreased myristic acid content in animals supplemented with ractopamine and safflower oil and increased deposition of palmitoleic and oleic acids in animals supplemented with coconut oil and safflower oil, respectively. Results suggested that both safflower oil and coconut oil can be used as substitutes for ractopamine.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of canola and coconut oils to diets of European quail (Coturnix coturnix) over performance and carcass yield. One hundred and ninety-two quail (eight-days old) were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments with six replicates of eight birds each. The treatments were arranged in a factorial 2×2 scheme with two sources of dietary oil containing two levels of canola and coconut oils (1 and 2%). For performance variables, the final weight was evaluated, and the carcass variables were feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion. A significant difference was observed between treatments for feed intake, with the inclusion of 2% canola oil providing higher intake. There was also significant effect for carcass characteristics on weight at fasting, eviscerated carcass, liver and gizzard weights, as well as liver, heart, and gizzard yields. The inclusion of vegetable oil such as canola and coconut oils in diets for European quail at the levels of 1 and 2% can be performed with no negative effect on performance from 8 to 42 days of age.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of qualitative dietary restriction diet on carcass characteristics, meat quality, fatty acid profile, and performance of finishing pigs fed diets containing cashew bagasse bran. Forty pigs (20 females and 20 males) with initial weight of 60.00±5.24 kg of body weight (BW) were used. The diets were formulated with corn, soybean meal, cashew bagasse bran, vegetable oil, and mineral and vitamin mixture for finishing pigs. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with five treatments and four replicates, with two animals per experimental unit, one of each sex. Parameters related to performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acids profiles were used. The treatments used in the experiment did not affect feed intake and daily weight gain; however, in relation to feed conversion, a linear effect was observed with the increase of cashew bagasse bran levels in the diet. The same effects were also observed in carcass yield, backfat thickness, and fat area. The meat:fat ratio increased linearly with the increase of fiber in the diet. The level of 22.5% of cashew bagasse bran in finishing pig diets is recommended.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the digestibility of cashew bagasse bran as well as the performance of swine fed diets with different levels of inclusion of this by-product and their economic viability. In the digestibility trial, ten crossbred barrows weighing 60±6.86 kg were housed in metabolic cages. Five received standard feed and five received test feed with 300 g kg−1 cashew bagasse bran included. For the performance and economic viability study, forty crossbred pigs weighing 60±5.24 kg were allotted in a randomized block design with five treatments (0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 g kg−1 inclusion of cashew bagasse bran) and four replications. Daily feed intake, daily gain, feed conversion, partial gross income with and without allowance index, and partial net income with and without allowance index were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression analysis. The treatment with 75 g kg−1 cashew bagasse bran provided the best results. Cashew bagasse bran can be included in the diet of finishing pigs up to the level of 300 g kg−1 without adversely affecting animal performance.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do caldo de cana desidratado (CCD) no desempenho, na qualidade de carcaça e no índice econômico de codornas ( Coturnix coturnix) europeias, no período de 22 a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 192 codornas de corte com 22 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições de oito aves. Foram adicionados 0, 1,5, 3,0 e 4,5% de CCD na ração. Avaliou-se a viabilidade econômica da inclusão dos níveis de CCD nas rações por meio da margem bruta relativa das dietas. No período de 29 a 35 dias de idade, houve efeito linear crescente para o consumo de ração com o aumento de CCD na ração. No entanto, houve efeito quadrático dos níveis de CCD sobre o peso da carcaça, da coxa+sobrecoxa e da gordura abdominal, e os níveis ótimos estimados foram de 1,69, 2,50 e 2,34%, respectivamente. Houve efeito linear decrescente dos níveis de CCD sobre o peso de peito com e sem pele. A análise econômica indicou maior lucro ao produtor com uso da ração convencional. Entretanto, entre os níveis de inclusão de CCD, o de 1,5% apresentou os melhores resultados, com uma diferença de 0,47% na margem de lucro em relação à ração convencional. A adição de 1,69 e 2,50% de caldo de cana desidratado na ração é recomendada para atingir maior peso de carcaça e coxa+sobrecoxa em codornas de corte, respectivamente.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of dehydrated cane juice (DCJ) on the performance, carcass quality, and economic index of European quails ( Coturnix coturnix), during the period from 22 to 42 days of age. One hundred and ninety-two quails with 22 days of age were distributed in a completely randomized design, with four treatments and six replicates of eight birds each. DCJ was added at 0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5% in the feed. The economic feasibility of including DCJ levels in the feed was evaluated through relative gross margin. In the period from 29 to 35 days of age, there was increased linear effect of feed intake with the increase of DCJ in the feed. However, there was a quadratic effect of DCJ levels on carcass, drumstick+thigh, and abdominal fat weights, and the estimated optimum levels were 1.69, 2.50, and 2.34%, respectively. There was a decreasing linear effect of DCJ levels on breast weight with and without skin. Economic analysis showed higher profits to the producer with the use of conventional feed. However, among the DCJ levels of inclusion, the level of 1.5% showed the best results, with a difference of 0.47% in relative gross margin when compared to the conventional feed. The addition of 1.69 and 2.50% of dehydrated cane juice in the feed is recommended to achieve higher carcass and drumstick+thigh weights in meat quails, respectively.

O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da suplementação com fitase em dietas com diferentes níveis de fósforo disponível sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte de 22 a 42 dias. Foram utilizados 1.080 frangos Cobb-500, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (3 x 4) com três níveis de fósforo disponível (0,30; 0,40 e 0,50%) e quatro níveis de fitase (0; 500; 1.000 e 1.500 UF), totalizando 12 tratamentos, cada um com seis repetições de 15 aves. As variáveis avaliadas foram: consumo de ração, peso vivo, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e as características de carcaça. O peso vivo e ganho de peso não foram influenciados pelos níveis de fósforo disponível e pela adição de fitase na dieta. Houve interação entre os níveis de fósforo disponível e os níveis de fitase para consumo de ração e para conversão alimentar. Verificou-se melhor conversão alimentar nas aves alimentadas com dietas contendo 0,30% de fósforo disponível com 1.500 UF kg-1. Os níveis de fósforo disponível influenciaram os rendimentos da coxa e do dorso, onde o melhor resultado foi com 0,30 e 0,40%, respectivamente. Recomenda-se a utilização de dietas contendo 0,30% de fósforo disponível, suplementadas com 1.500 UF kg-1.

The study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of phytase supplements in feeds with different levels of available phosphorus on the performance of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age. We used 1080 Cobb-500 chickens distributed in a completely randomized design, in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme, with three levels of available phosphorus (0.30; 0.40 and 0.50%) and four levels of phytase (0; 500; 1,000 and 1,500 UF), totaling 12 treatments, each with six replications of 15 birds. The variables evaluated were: feed intake, live body weight, weight gain, feed conversion and carcass characteristics. Live body weight and weight gain were not influenced by the levels of available phosphorus or adding phytase to the diet. There was interaction between the levels of available phosphorus and phytase levels for feed intake and feed conversion. Better feed conversion was seen in birds fed on diets containing 0.30% available phosphorus at 1,500 UF kg-1. The available phosphorus levels affected the development of the thigh and the back, where the best results were from 0.30% and 0.40% respectively. The use of a diet containing 0.30% phosphorus, supplemented with 1500 UF kg-1 is recommended.

Dois experimentos foram realizados para determinar o valor nutricional do ovo desidratado (OD), o efeito do tempo de jejum pós-eclosão (TJPe) e a inclusão do ovo desidratado em rações para frangos de corte. No primeiro experimento, 120 pintos de corte machos, linhagem Ross-308, foram alojados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e cinco repetições de oito aves. As coletas de excretas foram realizadas no período de 24 a 29 dias de idade, pela manhã e à tarde. No segundo experimento, um lote misto de 810 pintos da linhagem Cobb-500, com peso vivo inicial 33,41 ± 0,53, foi alojado em boxes de 1,0 × 1,5 m. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com 9 tratamentos e 6 repetições de 15 aves, em esquema fatorial 3 × 3, com três níveis de ovo desdratado (0, 2 e 4%) e três tempos de jejum pós-eclosão (28, 40 e 52 horas), correpondentes a 0, 12 e 24 horas de jejum pós-alojamento, respectivamente. O ovo desidratado apresentou 51,54% de PB e 4.278 kcal EMAn. Na fase de 1 a 7 dias, o peso vivo, o ganho de peso e o consumo de ração entre as aves submetidas a jejum de 40 e 52 horas foram inferiores aos daquelas alimentadas mais cedo (às 28 horas do tempo de jejum pós-eclosão), enquanto as aves submetidas a 52 horas de jejum pós-eclosão (24 horas de jejum pós alojamento) apresentaram os piores resultados. O nível de 4% de ovo desidratado na ração pré-inicial melhorou o peso vivo no segundo e terceiro dia de idade dos pintinhos. No período de 1 a 21 dias, o ovo desidratado pode ser utlizado na alimentação de frangos, pois não prejudica o desempenho das aves.

Two experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional value of the dried egg (DEGG), and the effect of the post-starvation hatching time (PSHT) and the inclusion of dried egg powder in the diet of broiler chicks. In experiment 1, 120 male Ross-308 broiler chicks were housed according to a completely randomized design into three treatments and five repetitions of eight birds each. Excreta collection was daily performed from 24 to 29 days of age in the morning and afternoon. In experiment 2, a sex-mixed batch of 810 Cobb-500 chicks was used. Initial weight was 33.41 ± 0.53 g, and the chicks were housed in pens measuring 1.0 × 1.5 m. A completely randomized experimental design was used with nine treatments and six repetitions of 15 birds each, according to a 3 × 3 factorial of three DEGG levels (0, 2 and 4%) and three PSHT (28, 40 and 52 hours), corresponding to: 0, 12 and 24 hours of starvation after housing, respectively. DEGG showed 51.54% of CP and 4,278 kcal AMEn/kg. From 1 to 7 days of age, the birds submitted to starvation for 40 and 52 hours showed lower live weight, weight gain and feed intake when compared to birds fed sooner (at 28 hours PSHT). The poorest performance was shown by birds fasted for 52 hours (24 hours of starvation after being housed). DEGG levels of 4% in the pre-initial diet improved the live weight in the second and third days of age. In conclusion, DEGG might be used from 1 to 21 days of age in broiler diets without impairing the bird performance.

O experimento foi conduzido para determinar o nível ótimo de inclusão de ovo desidratado (OD) em raçõespara frangos de corte nas fases pré-inicial e de crescimento. Utilizou-se um lote de 1.152 pintos de corte machos, linhagem Cobb-500, com peso vivo inicial de 43,46 ± 0,23 g, alojados em boxes de 1,0 × 1,5 m. O delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 4 tratamentos (0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5% de ovo desidratado), cada um com 18 repetições de 16 aves. As dietas utlilizadas foram isoprotéicas e isocalóricas, com 21,9% PB e 2.950 kcal EMAn na fase de 1 a 7 dias e 20,9% PB e 3.000 kcal EMAn na fase de 8 a 21 dias de idade. O conteúdo dos ovos foi mantido em estufa a 55ºC durante 72 horas e apresentava resultado negativo para a presença de Salmonella spp. Os níveis de ovo desidratado nas rações tiveram efeito quadrático sobre o consumo de ração, o peso vivo, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar. O melhor ganho de peso na fase pré-inicial foi obtido com a utilização de 0,53% de ovo desidratado na ração e, na fase inicial de crescimento, com o nível de 0,73%.

The experiment was carried out to determine the optimum inclusion level of dried egg powder (DEGG) in the pre-initial and growing rations of broilers. Male Cobb-500 chicks (n= 1,152) with initial live weight of 43.46 ± 0.23 g were housed in cages of 1,0 × 1,5 m. A completely randomized design with four rations 0, (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of DEGG), each one with 18 replications of 16 birds. Isoproteic and isoenergetic rations were used, with 21.9% CP and 2,950 kcal AMEn from 1 to 7 days old and 20.9% CP and 3,000 kcal AMEn from 8 to 21 days old. Egg contents were dried at 55ºC for 72 hours and were negative for Salmonella spp. Dried egg powder inclusion levels showed a quadratic effect on feed intake, live weight, weight gain and feed conversion. Weight gain was obtained with the use of 0.53% dried egg powder in the ration in the pre-starter and 0.73% in the initial growth phase.

O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de farelo de trigo (FT) na ração com ou sem a suplementação de um complexo enzimático (CE) sobre o desempenho e a produção de ovos de frangas semipesadas na fase de produção. Foram utilizadas 288 frangas Lohmann Brown, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 × 2, composto de quatro níveis de farelo de trigo (0, 3, 6 e 9%) na ração e da suplementação de complexo enzimático (0 ou 100 g/100 kg de ração), com oito tratamentos e seis repetições de seis aves. O complexo enzimático continha as enzimas beta-galactosidase, galactomananase, xilanase e alfa-glucanase. O consumo de ração, o peso vivo final, a produção de ovos, o peso e a massa de ovos e a conversão por massa e por dúzia de ovos não foram afetados pela inclusão do farelo de trigo nas rações. A gravidade específica da casca dos ovos piorou com o aumento dos níveis de farelo de trigo nas dietas. Nenhuma característica foi afetada pela adição do complexo enzimático na ração, com exceção do peso do ovo, que melhorou de 62,74 para 64,28 g. Recomenda-se o uso de até 9% de farelo de trigo em rações para poedeiras em produção. A adição de alfa-galactosidase, galactomananase, xilanase e alfa-glucanase aumenta o peso dos ovos.

The study was carried out with the objective to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of the wheat bran (WB) with or without supplementation of an enzymatic complex (EC) on the performance of semi-heavy hens in the egg-production phase. A total of 288 Lohmann Brown pullets were used, distributed to a completely randomized design in 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, composed by four WB levels (0, 3, 6 and 9%) in the ration and enzymatic complex supplementation (0 or 100g/100 kg diet), with eight treatments and six replicates of six birds. The enzymatic complex contained the enzymes beta-galactosidase, galactomananase, xilanase and alpha-glucanase. Feed intake, final body weight, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, egg mass feed conversion or egg dozen feed conversion was not affected by WB inclusion in the diets. Egg shell specific gravity deteriorated as WB levels increase in the diets. None of the characteristics was affected by the enzymatic complex supplementation, except for egg weight, that improved from 62.74 to 64.28 g. Then, the use up to 9.0% of wheat bran in the ration is recommended for semi-heavily chickens in the production phase. The supplementation of alpha-galactosidase, galactomannanase, xylanase and alpha-glucanase improve egg weight.

O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de farelo de trigo (FT) na ração sobre o desempenho de frangas semipesadas nas fases de recria 1 (7 a 14 semanas de idade) e recria 2 (15 a 19 semanasde idade) e seu efeito residual durante a fase inicial de produção de ovos. Foram utilizadas 160 frangas Lohmann Brown distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro níveis de FT na ração: 0 (controle), 10, 20 e 30%, que resultaram em quatro tratamentos, com cinco repetições de oito aves na fase de recria 1. Ao completarem 14 semanas, as aves foram transferidas para gaiolas de arame galvanizado, redistribuídas em seis repetições de seis aves. Utilizaram-se 144 aves e descartaram-se, aleatoriamente, quatro aves por tratamento, constituindo a fase de recria 2. A adição de FT diminuiu linearmente o peso vivo final e o ganho de peso, resultando em reduções de 1,15 e 0,03 g, respectivamente, para cada 1% de inclusão de FT na ração. O consumo de água aumentou de forma quadrática e cresceu, em valores absolutos, com o aumento de 0 a 30% de farelo de trigo. A cada aumento de 1% de FT na ração, a idade das aves ao primeiro ovo elevou aproximadamente 0,6 dia e o peso do ovo em 0,22 g. A inclusão de farelo de trigo na ração reduz a taxa de crescimento de frangas, atrasa o início da postura, mas melhora o peso inicial dos ovos em relação a dietas à base de milho e de farelo de soja.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of the wheat bran (WB) in the ration on egg brown chicken (Lohmann Brown) performance in the growing phase 1 (7 to 19 week of age) and growing phase 2 (15 to 19 week of age) and its residual effects on initial egg production. One hundred-sixty chickens were allotted to a completely randomized design with four level of WB in the ration: 0 (control), 10, 20 and 30%, that resulted in four treatments, with five replicates of eight birds in the growing phase 1. At the 14th week, the birds were transferred to galvanized wire cages and reallocated in six replicates of six birds each. A total of 144 birds were used and, randomly, four birds per treatment were discarding per treatment, constituting the growing phase 2. The addition of the WB linearly decreased the final body weight and the weight gain, resulting in decreasing of 1.15 g and 0.0 3g, respectively for each 1% of WB inclusion in the ration. Water intake show a quadratic effect and increased in absolute values with the addition of WB from 0 to 30%. The birds age at the first egg production and egg weight increased 0.6 day and 0.22 g, respectively for each 1% of WB in the ration. The inclusion of WB reduces chickens growth rate, delays posture starting and improves egg initial weight when compared to corn and soybean meal based diets.

Um experimento foi realizado para estudar o efeito da forma física da ração (farelada ou peletizada) e da inclusão de ovo desidratado na ração até os 21 dias de idade sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de frangos de corte da linhagem Cobb-500 aos 42 dias de idade. As aves com 1 dia de vida e peso médio de 42,94 ± 0,51 g foram alojadas em boxes de 1,0 × 1,5 m. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial com dois níveis de ovo desidratado (0 e 0,5%) e duas formas físicas da ração (farelada e peletizada), resultando em quatro rações com 18 repetições de 16 aves durante as fases de 1 a 7; de 8 a 21; de 22 a 33 e de 34 a 42 dias de idade. A inclusão de 0,5% de ovo desidratado nas rações pré-inicial e inicial não influenciou o desempenho, porém, a ração peletizada melhorou o desempenho dos frangos de corte aos 42 dias de idade. A peletização da ração também melhorou o rendimento de peito, do Pectoralis minor e do filé de peito em relação ao peso da carcaça e aumentou os pesos do proventrículo e do intestino delgado, enquanto a ração farelada aumentou o peso da moela.

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of physical form diet (mash or pelleted) and inclusion of dehydrated egg (DEGG) up to 21 days of age on the performance and carcass characteristic of Cobb-500 strain of broiler chicks at 42 days of age. The birds with average weight of 42.94 ± 0.51 g were allotted in pens of 1.0 x 1.5 m. The experimental design was completely randomized in factorial arrangment with two levels of DEGG (0 and 0.5%) and two physical form of diet (mash and pellet), resulting in four diets with 18 replicates of 16 birds during the phases from 1 to 7; 8 to 21; 22 to 33 and 34 to 42 days of age. The DEGG inclusion in the pre initial and initial diets did not influenced the performance, but the pelleted diet improved the performance of for broiler chicks up to 42 days. The pelleted diet also improved breast, Pectoralis minor and fillet of breast yields in relationship to carcass weight, and increased the proventriculus and small intestine weights, while the mashed diet increased the gizzard weight.